The EU General Court issued judgments Nov. 24 in four Syria sanctions annulment applications. The court annulled Bashar Assi's and Khaldoun Al Zoubi's listings, noting the EU had failed to show that either man was a leading businessperson or associated with the regime when the sanctions acts were enacted, the opinion said.

The European Court of Justice on Nov. 23 overturned the General Court's 2019 ruling that dropped the 2018 actions maintaining Hamas on the EU's terrorist sanctions list. The General Court had said the statement of reasons for including Hamas missed certain procedural requirements, including that it was not signed, had no heading and could not be identified as an act of the European Council. The ECJ, basing its ruling in part on a June opinion by the advocate general, held that the law does not require the council president to sign the statement of reasons and that "Article 15 of the Council’s Rules of Procedure cannot therefore be interpreted as imposing on the President and on the Secretary-General of the Council a stricter signature requirement than that" of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The November ruling ultimately held that the European Council's actions designating Hamas as a terrorist group did not violate the procedural requirements included in making such a designation, dismissing Hamas' lawsuit.

The European Union General Court on Nov. 24 dismissed an application from the European Political Subdivision of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam to drop its inclusion on the EU's terrorist sanctions list. The ruling upholds the group's place on the sanctions regime and said the European Council could rely on the 2001 decision by the United Kingdom home secretary to list the LTTE because the U.K. government is a "competent authority" for the purpose of making the sanctions listing. The court also said that the EU had sufficiently backed the listing action in 2019-2020.

The European Court of Justice dismissed an appeal brought by Iranian company Fulmen that sought greater damage payments than had previously been awarded to it by the EU General Court. In a recent judgment, the ECJ said that the General Court was right to find that Fulmen hadn't established a sufficient link between its designation and the alleged damaged suffered, and that other reasons could explain the dip in its market shares. Further, the court said that the General Court sufficiently backed its reasons for determining the level of compensation that it did.

The United Kingdom's High Court of Justice dismissed a challenge from Egyptian national and sanctioned individual Hany Youssef over whether the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act complies with Articles 6 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, according to a Nov. 26 judgment. Articles 6 and 8 guarantee the right of access to a court and protect the right to private and family life, respectively. Youssef was sanctioned by the United Nations Al-Qaida and Taliban Financial Sanctions Committee in 2005. Following the passage of SAMLA in 2018, the Egyptian national sought to have his UN sanctions listing removed via the U.K. government, eventually arguing that the U.K. judicial system's inability to order the U.K. government to quash a UN sanctions listing is in violation of the ECHR.

The European Court of Justice dismissed an appeal on Nov. 18 by Fereydoun Mahmoudian that sought to increase the amount of compensation awarded to Mahmoudian from the General Court's decision to give him over $80,000 due to his inclusion on the European Union's Iran sanctions list. Unsatisfied with this amount, Mahmoudian sought over $1 million in material damages and $564,000 for non-pecuniary damages from the ECJ or to remand the case to the General Court. The appealed damage payments awarded by the lower court also included payments of over $560 for every month his assets were frozen. The ECJ ruled that the General Court was right to find that Mahmoudian gave insufficient evidence to establish the reality and extent of the alleged damages, and that the General Court's numbers were properly supported. The ECJ also ordered Mahmoudian to bear his own costs and pay those incurred by the European Council, but the European Commission was required to pay its own costs.

The European Court of Justice ruled that the freezing of funds and economic resources prevents the implementation of measures that establish a right to be paid on a priority basis in favor of a certain creditor in relation to others, because those measures alter the destination of the frozen funds, potentially allowing their use. The decision came in response to a preliminary ruling from the French Court of Cassation on questions arising from the case Bank Sepah v. Overseas Financial Ltd. and Oaktree Finance Ltd. The case dealt with creditors' ability to enforce action against assets frozen under the EU's Iran sanctions regime, the EU Sanctions blog reported Nov. 15. The French court asked the ECJ whether EU sanctions prevent a "non-earmarking" judicial lien from being imposed over frozen assets without a license and whether it is relevant that the debt is unrelated to the Iranian ballistic missile program and came about before the bank's United Nations sanctions designation. On the latter question, the ECJ said that "the fact that the grounds for the claim for recovery from the person whose funds are frozen are unrelated to the Iranian ballistic missile programme is not relevant to that question," EU Sanctions said.

The European Union General Court on Nov. 10 rejected Syrian businessman Waseem Alkattan's application to be dropped from the EU's Syria sanctions list, according to an unofficial translation of a judgment. The EU in two actions maintained Alkattan's listing under the Syria sanctions regime. The court said the European Council properly established that Alkattan is an influential businessman in Syria, thus warranting his placement on the list. The council cited Alkattan's business interests in real estate, luxury hotels and shopping malls and his associations with the Syrian regime, the court said.

The trial involving Danish fuel supply Dan-Bunkering and its parent company Bunker Holding kicked off on Oct. 26, EU Sanctions reported. Denmark in 2019 charged Dan-Bunkering with violating the European Union's Syrian sanctions regime by selling jet fuel to Syria. Between 2015 and 2017, around 172,000 tons of jet fuel were allegedly sold to Russian companies and shipped to Syria using intermediaries, EU Sanctions said.

Exports from the European Union have been lifted by "effective implementation and enforcement of EU trade agreements and international trade rules," the European Commission said Oct. 27, touting over $6.3 billion in additions to EU exports since 2020. The number derives from the commission's first report on implementation and enforcement of its trade agreements that covers four areas: "(1) Making full use of the opportunities provided by EU trade agreements; (2) Supporting the uptake of trade agreements by small businesses; (3) Addressing trade barriers; (4) Enforcing trade commitments through dispute settlement."